PMC

Cells were isolated and cultured as described in text. Top graph shows calcium response (340/380 ratiometric peak) to ATP treatment (1^st blue arrow) and lack of response to ATP in presence of 60% pine oil (white arrow). Bottom left graph shows mean decrease in ATP-induced calcium signal by pine oil for all cells evaluated (n = 20 cells). Bottom right panel illustrates fluorescent calcium signal induced by ATP (bottom) and blocked by pine oil (top).

Treatment with pine needle oil induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in HepG2 cells. The HepG2 cells were treated with pine needle oil at different concentrations and DMSO as a vehicle control for 48 h, followed by flow cytometry analysis to determine the phase distribution in the cell cycle. The data revealed that pine needle oil induced G2/M arrest in a dose-dependent manner. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

A. Effects of 60% pine oil on tactile PWT (left) and edema (right) after 65°C, 2 sec scald burn to hind paw. Values are mean ± SE, 5-11 mice/group. * p<0.05 vs. NT control at same time point (ANOVA + Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison). B. Effects of 60% pine oil on tactile PWT (left) and edema (right) after 60°C, 2 sec scald burn to hind paw. Values are mean ± SE, 5-11 mice/group. * p<0.05 vs. NT control at same time point (ANOVA + Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison). C. Cross-sections of mouse hind paw for no burn control (left, normal tissue), no treatment (NT) controls 90 min after scald burn at 60°C,2 sec (left middle) and 65°C,2 sec (right middle), and PO-treated paw 90 min after 60°C,2 sec scald burn (right) (H&E, 4x).